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Hypersensitivity (also called hypersensitivity reaction or intolerance) is an abnormal physiological condition in which there is an undesirable and adverse immune response to antigen. [1] [2] It is an abnormality in the immune system that causes immune diseases including allergies and autoimmunity. It is caused by many types of particles and ...
Allergies, also known as allergic diseases, are various conditions caused by hypersensitivity of the immune system to typically harmless substances in the environment. [11] These diseases include hay fever, food allergies, atopic dermatitis, allergic asthma, and anaphylaxis. [1]
Type I hypersensitivity (or immediate hypersensitivity ), in the Gell and Coombs classification of allergic reactions, is an allergic reaction provoked by re-exposure to a specific type of antigen referred to as an allergen. [1] Type I is distinct from type II, type III and type IV hypersensitivities.
Type IV hypersensitivity, in the Gell and Coombs classification of allergic reactions, often called delayed-type hypersensitivity, is a type of hypersensitivity reaction that can take a day or more to develop. [1] Unlike the other types, it is not humoral (not antibody -mediated) but rather is a type of cell-mediated response.
The allergic reaction, being mediated directly by T-cells, is classified as a Type IV hypersensitivity reaction. This classification differs from the more prevalent Type I hypersensitivity (e.g., hay fever ), where allergens bind to antibodies, that subsequently trigger mast cells .
Type II hypersensitivity, in the Gell and Coombs classification of allergic reactions, is an antibody mediated process in which IgG and IgM antibodies are directed against antigens on cells (such as circulating red blood cells) or extracellular material (such as basement membrane).
Allergic inflammation is an important pathophysiological feature of several disabilities or medical conditions including allergic asthma, atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis and several ocular allergic diseases. Allergic reactions may generally be divided into two components; the early phase reaction, and the late phase reaction.
An allergic response is a hypersensitive immune reaction to a substance that normally is harmless or would not cause an immune response in everyone. An allergic response may cause harmful symptoms such as itching or inflammation or tissue injury.
In technical terms, an allergen is an antigen that is capable of stimulating a type-I hypersensitivity reaction in atopic individuals through immunoglobulin E (IgE) responses. Most humans mount significant Immunoglobulin E responses only as a defense against parasitic infections .
Local allergic rhinitis is an allergic reaction in the nose to an allergen, without systemic allergies. So skin-prick and blood tests for allergy are negative, but there are IgE antibodies produced in the nose that react to a specific allergen .